Behaviour interventions seek to improve attainment by reducing challenging behaviour in school. This entry covers interventions aimed at reducing a variety of behaviours, from low-level disruption to aggression, violence, bullying, substance abuse and general anti-social activities. The interventions themselves can be split into three broad categories:
- Approaches to developing a positive school ethos or improving discipline across the whole school which also aim to support greater engagement in learning;
- Universal programmes which seek to improve behaviour and generally take place in the classroom; and
- More specialised programmes which are targeted at students with specific behavioural issues.
Other approaches, such as Parental engagement and Social and emotional learning programmes, are often associated with reported improvements in school ethos or discipline, but are not included in this summary, which is limited to interventions that focus directly on behaviour.
1. Both targeted interventions and universal approaches have positive overall effects. Schools should consider the appropriate combination of behaviour approaches to reduce overall disruption and provide tailored support where required.
2. There is evidence across a range of different interventions with highest impacts for approaches that have an academic component or focus on role-play and rehearsal.
3. Even within programme types there is a range of impact. If selecting a behaviour intervention, schools should look for programmes or approaches that have been evaluated and shown to have a positive impact where possible.
4. When adopting behaviour interventions – whether targeted or universal – professional development may support staff to ensure high quality delivery and consistency across the school.
The average impact of behaviour interventions is three additional months’ progress over the course of a year. Evidence suggests that, on average, behaviour interventions can produce moderate improvements in academic performance along with a decrease in problematic behaviours. However, estimated benefits vary widely depending on what happens during the intervention.
Approaches such as improving teachers’ behaviour management and pupils’ cognitiveRelated to the mental process involved in knowing, understanding, and learning. and social skills are both effective, on average.
School-level behaviour approaches are often related to improvements in attainment, but there is a lack of evidence to show that the improvements are actually caused by the behaviour interventions, rather than other school interventions happening at the same time.
Effects are similar for primary and secondary age pupils (+3 months).
Impact seems to apply across the curriculum with similar impact for mathematics and literacy.
Frequent sessions several times a week over an extended period, such as a whole academic year or more, appear to be the most successful.
Approaches which involve an academic component or role play and rehearsal are associated with greater impact.
Large group or whole-class approaches (involving 6 children or more) seem to be slightly more effective than 1:1 and small group approaches.
According to figures from the Department for Education, pupils who receive Free School Meals are more likely to receive a permanent or fixed period exclusion compared to those who do not. In recent data, the suspension rate for pupils eligible for Free School Meals was more than four times higher than for their peers, while permanent exclusion rates were around five times higher.
The most common reason for exclusion is persistent disruptive behaviour. Pupil behaviour will have multiple influences, some of which teachers can directly manage though universal or classroom management approaches. Some pupils will require more specialist support to help manage their self-regulation or social and emotional skills.
Behaviour interventions have an impact through increasing the time that pupils have for learning. This might be through reducing low-level disruption that reduces learning time in the classroom or through preventing exclusions that remove pupils from school for periods of time. If interventions take up more classroom time than the disruption they displace, engaged learning time is unlikely to increase. In most schools, a combination of universal and targeted approaches will be most appropriate:
- Universal approaches to classroom management can help prevent disruption – but often require professional development to administer effectively.
- Targeted approaches that are tailored to pupils’ needs such as regular report cards or functional behaviour assessments may be appropriate where pupils are struggling with behaviour.
Across all approaches it is crucial to maintain high expectations for pupils and to embed a consistent approach across the school. Successful approaches may also include social and emotional learning interventions.
Evidence suggests that programmes delivered over two-to-six months seem to produce more long-lasting results. Whole-school strategies are usually longer to embed than individually tailored or single-classroom strategies.
When introducing new approaches, schools should consider implementation. For more information see Putting Evidence to Work – A School’s Guide to Implementation.
The costs of behaviour interventions vary widely and overall they are estimated to range between very low to moderate. The costs to schools to deliver whole school strategies are largely based on staff time and training. More intensive, targeted interventions are likely to incur higher staffing and training costs.
Behavioural interventions can require a large amount of staff time, compared with other approaches. Targeted or one-to-one approaches, delivered by trained school staff or specialists, will require additional staff time compared to universal approaches. Overall, effective approaches can promote better engagement with teaching and learning by reducing challenging behaviour and improving pupil engagement.
Alongside time and cost, school leaders should reflect on the impact of whole school behaviour policies and support their staff to maintain a consistent approach. When adopting new approaches, school leaders should consider programmes with a track record of effectiveness. Improving classroom management may involve intensive training where teachers reflect on their practice, implement new strategies, and review their progress over time.
The security of the evidence around behaviour interventions is rated as moderate. 83 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria for the Toolkit. Overall, the topic lost one additional padlock because a large percentage of the studies were not independently evaluated. Evaluations conducted by organisations connected with the approach – for example, commercial providers, typically have larger impacts, which may influence the overall impact of the strand.
As with any evidence review, the Toolkit summarises the average impact of approaches when researched in academic studies. It is important to consider your context and apply your professional judgement when implementing an approach in your setting.
Have any questions?
The Teaching and Learning Toolkit is a living resource that is updated as new evidence is published. As we continue to update the Toolkit we are interested in your questions about this topic area for future content.
The evidence synthesis team will review submitted questions and, where possible, provide answers in future updates.
Guidance Reports